Before you go to breast cancer reconstruction, you need to know about the history of surgery. An important role played by the surgery in the war. Due to lack of knowledge about risks of infection, the instruments and the hands of the doctor were not cleaned often. The coat was dark at that time, so you had to wash it less often. This resulted in wound infection, followed by blood poisoning (sepsis) and death. This changed slowly with the discovery of the cause of puerperal fever by Ignaz Semmelweis. An important role for the triumph of surgery played hygiene measures such as cleaning and subsequent sterilization of medical instruments and materials, and disinfection. Read more about breast reconstruction.

Before the introduction of anesthesia (1846), the surgeon had to work because of the severe pain of the patient as quickly as possible. Deaths from pain (shock) were not uncommon. Sir Robert Liston (1798-1847) used anesthesia (21 December 1846) first. This then is a normal operation: From Napoleon's personal physician is reported that he could make more than 200 amputations in one day. Now takes a lower leg amputation from skin incision to the end of the suture in usually between 25 and 60 minutes (depending on the exercise of the surgeon and the surgical procedure such like breast reconstruction after mastectomy).

Young people with healthy lifestyles have a good balance of work and play, a healthy diet and an appropriate amount of physical activity and rest. A healthy lifestyle is about both physical and mental wellbeing.

Education for health is concerned with the social and emotional aspects of learning, and relates to issues that are real and relevant to many young people, including sex and relationships, body image, drug, alcohol and tobacco use.

Education for health should seek to encourage young people to eat sensibly, stay physically active and maintain good levels of personal wellbeing. Young people should be able to look after themselves, and stay safe from violence, exploitation and injury.

Good health and effective learning go hand-in-hand. Schools educating young people on, for example, the benefits of healthy eating and regular exercise can bring about both immediate and long-term improvement to their quality of life.

In order to live healthy and fulfilling lives, young people need to understand the consequences of the choices they make. They need opportunities to develop self-respect and build the confidence to make responsible, informed and healthy choices about their lives. Schools can provide the knowledge, skills and understanding that pupils need to lead healthy lives, not just through what is taught, but also through the school’s routines, organisation and environment.

Developing a curriculum that supports healthy lifestyles

In order to help learners understand the characteristics of a healthy lifestyle and make informed decisions about living healthily, they should have opportunities across the curriculum to:

• meet, talk and work with a range of people, including professionals from the health and emergency services

• develop positive relationships with a wide range of people

• consider social and moral dilemmas, including the varied attitudes and values underpinning some of the healthy lifestyle issues they encounter in their communities

• find information and advice, for example through helplines and websites, and learn how to provide information to others

• prepare for change, for example by anticipating the challenges of new and widening social groups as they get older, and by considering the choices they may have to make

• feel positive about themselves, for example by giving and receiving positive feedback, and keeping a record of their progress and achievements.

The DCSF has identified five key objectives to help schools create a healthier environment for pupils.

• To promote a school ethos and environment that encourages a healthy lifestyle.

• To use the full capacity and flexibility of the curriculum to achieve a healthy lifestyle.

• To ensure that the food and drink available during the school day reinforces the healthy lifestyle message.

• To provide high-quality physical education and school sport, and promote physical activity as part of a lifelong healthy lifestyle.

• To promote an understanding of the full range of issues and behaviours that impact upon lifelong health.

Supporting resources

Healthy schools

The National Healthy Schools Programme

Making sense of health

Making sense of health

The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)

NICE has issued the first national guideline addressing the assessment and management of weight and the identification and prevention of obesity in adults and children. The guideline contains wide-ranging recommendations, not just for the NHS, but also for schools and providers of early years' education, local authorities, employers and town planners.

The guideline recommends that schools address their environment and ensure that the ethos of all policies helps children and young people to maintain a healthy weight, eat a healthy diet and be physically active. This includes policies relating to building layout and recreational spaces, catering (including vending machines) and the food and drink children bring into school, the taught curriculum (including PE), school travel plans and provision for cycling.

The guideline is available from the NICE website, along with a version entitled 'Understanding NICE guidance: preventing obesity and staying a healthy weight.'

(NHSP) helps schools develop a whole-school approach to promoting young people’s health and wellbeing. The programme supports the link between health, behaviour and achievement – it is about healthy and happy children and young people doing better in learning and in life.

is an educational and community health, web-based resource for teachers and young people in primary and secondary education, and also for parents and public health professionals. It is a preventative health resource that aims to empower young people to make better lifestyle choices, engage with community health issues, become better informed patients and use the NHS more appropriately.

There are four periods of time when runners are most vulnerable to injury:

-During the initial 4 to 6 months of running

-Upon returning to running after an injury

-When the quantity of running is increased (distance)

-When the quality of running is increased (speed)

Most running injuries are caused by recurring factors that runners can often prevent or avoid themselves

Training errors are the most common source of injury, particularly lack of adequate stretching; rapid changes in mileage; an increase in hill training; interval training (going from slow speeds over long distances to faster over less ground); and insufficient rest between training sessions.

When selecting a running shoe, the athlete should look for a style that will fit comfortable and that will accommodate his or her particular foot anatomy. When a shoe’s mileage exceeds 500–600 miles, it should be replaced. Runners should keep also in mind potential anatomic abnormalities.

Hip disorders typically manifest themselves as groin pain. Back discomfort that radiates down the leg is cause for referral to a sports medicine specialist.

The patella (kneecap) is a common site of overuse injuries that can benefit from a 20 minute ice massage, a program of stretching and strengthening of the hamstring and quadriceps muscles and a short course of an over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medication. Surgery is rarely indicated.

Ankle laxity can lead to frequent ankle sprains and pain. Beneficial treatment includes muscle strengthening to increase stability, shoe modification to alter gait, and change of a running surface. Foot problems in runners are related to foot types. Nonoperative treatment such as orthotics and shoe modifications should be used if necessary.

The ideal surface on which to run is flat, smooth, resilient, and reasonably soft. Avoid concrete or rough road surfaces. If possible, use community trails that have been developed specifically for jogging and running, so you can measure your records for your exercises calculation and monitoring your heart rate, but you can also use speed and distance devices. Use fine jogging shoes to avoid unnecessary impacts on your feet.  Hills should be avoided at first because of the increased stress placed on the knee and ankle. During warmer, humid weather, increase fluid intake; in cool weather, dress appropriately. It is often helpful to weigh yourself before and after running on a hot, humid day. One pint of water should be consumed for every pound of weight lost. Avoid running during extremely hot and cold temperatures or when the air pollution levels are high. When running at higher altitudes, the runner should gradually acclimate to the lower oxygen levels by slow, steady increases in speed and distance.

our bodies are precious. the body's health determine the value of our quality of life. with high level of body stamina,we can reach our needs to get our goal in life. and beauty is one thing that important. with beauty,especially women,will find the world more colourful for everyone,even for them.the secret of beauty has been revealed by lots of products,even the beauty secret of ancient queen cleopatra,which is very inspiring.

the ancient beauty secret is built by minerals, various therapies and tools that maintain all part of our body includes skin and hair. with technology, now we can find all of them in packs and easy to find. and the beauty treatment attract not only women but men,too. men are proud to be handsome, as well as women are. again,nowadays we can find the beauty treatment for men is easily to find,just like women's beauty treatment.

the latest technology about beauty treatment, popular,and friendly to environtment is organics. the organic health and beauty products move rapidly and become the most valuable things in beauty treatment.it's because of the environtment-friendly concept and organic health & beauty products contain non-toxic material.
now the beauty doesn't depend on age.with organic health & beauty products we get our satisfaction in our lives.

Eating an adequate supply of healthy  dietary fats is vitally important to your overall health as well as building muscles exercises. Fats are one of the main components in all of the cell membranes throughout your entire body. If  you eat enough healthy natural fats, your cellular processes will proceed normally. On the other hand, if you eat man-made, heavily processed, chemically altered fats (damaged fats) that are found in most processed foods, your cellular function will be impaired as these damaged fats become part of your cell membranes, the body will have to work harder to operate correctly, and degenerative diseases can develop. In addition, healthy dietary fats are essential for optimal  hormone production and balance within the body and are therefore essential for building muscles and burn body fat.

Did you know that eating a diet that is too low in fat will reduce your testosterone levels? You know what the  results of that are: less muscle and more fat on your frame. Females, don’t be afraid…your testosterone is not going to go through the roof by eating more fat. It helps to keep everything in balance for both men and women, as long as you eat the right fats (more on the right fats in a minute). Other important functions that dietary fats play in a healthy body are aiding vitamin and  mineral utilization, enzyme regulation, energy, etc. To burn fat is only a tiny part of being healthy

The Healthy Fatty Food Choices:

•  Coconut fat (and other tropical oils)

•  Extra virgin olive oil:

•  Dark, bittersweet chocolate (>70%  cocoa content)

•  Avocados or guacamole

•  High fat fish such as wild salmon, sardines, mackerel, herring, trout, etc.

•  Nuts (any and all - walnuts, almonds, peanuts, cashews, macadamias, etc.)

•  Seeds (sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, flax seeds, etc.)

•  The fat in organically raised, free-range animals:  This is one area where most people have been misinformed by the mass media. Animal fat is inherently good for us, that  is, if it came from a  healthy animal. Human beings have thrived on animal fats for thousands of years. The problem lies in the fact that most mass produced animal products today do NOT come from healthy animals. They come from animals given loads of antibiotics and fattened up with hormones and fed un-natural feed. The solution is to choose organically raised, free-range meats, eggs, and dairy. At this time, the price is still a little higher, but it  is worth it, and as demand grows, the prices will come down.

The Deadly Fatty Foods:

•  Homogenized milk fat

•  Refined oils

•  Anything deep fried

•  Hydrogenated oils (source of artificial trans fats)



Exercise (essentially any form of physical exertion which results in the contraction of a muscle) has become a widespread interest over the past several years, especially in areas of weight training.  While exercise is generally intended to promote good physical health, bodybuilding more specifically concentrates on building muscle mass and many individuals in society today begin bodybuilding to present a good image of themselves.  Many different companies have grasped on to this concept of muscle mass growth and have formulated products which can enhance the process of muscle enlargement.  For example, creatine monohydrate, a product advertised to “boost muscle

size and strength” and “improve athletic performance”, is available over the counter and has become a popular consumer good over the past couple years despite a lack of extensive research in to its effect (especially long-term) on the human body.

Because individuals with hardly any knowledge of how to properly weight train begin physical fitness, not only will the process of bodybuilding be rendered useless, it can also be harmful to various other parts of the body.  Weed need proper tools to exercise and one of good option is

P90X. P90X is one of the best exercise tool. P90X or Power 90 Master Series has best exercise system for your body.

And they want you to come back into the fold They want you to eat junk and spend leisure hours doing a whole lot of nothing. Don't do that Unlike poor Michael Corleone, you don't have to be sucked back in. We've come up with a few tips to keep you stay health at the office. despite the bad habits of your co-workers.

 1. Head 'em off at the pass. The thing is, if someone brings in a box of bear claws, they're going to seem a lot more attractive if you're hungry. So eat that balanced breakfast and have those healthy snacks on hand for the time between meals.

2. Find food that stays fresh. The frustrating thing about healthy food is that it doesn't keep; so, unlike Oreos, which would keep in your desk well into the next eon, a lot of fresh fruits and veggies, yogurt, and cottage cheese go bad quickly if not refrigerated. And if you do have a fridge at work, going there to get your healthy eats can be quite an ordeal when you have to walk past a caravan of crud sitting on the kitchen counter. So here are a few things you can keep at your desk that might last a little longer at room temperature:
Uncut fresh fruit
A handful of raw nuts (be careful with this one—less is more)
A tub of protein powder (just add water!)
A handful of whole grain cereal
That may not seem like much, but there are hundreds of variations of at least three of those.

3. Get the heck out of Dodge. It's 10:50 AM. You're sweating bullets. It's "Pizza Friday" and, in about one hour, the walking dead will be shuffling to the kitchen for multiple slices of gooey cheese and sausage on Chicago-style crust. Even if you stay in your cubicle, the savory scent will find you. How will you resist?
Well, when the going gets tough, the tough scram. At 11:50 AM, grab your good walking shoes and go for a stroll, have a picnic, go shopping, whatever. Just get out. That way you're avoiding the horror and getting a little cardio and vitamin D all in one fell swoop.

4. Hook up to a slow drip. You have the lunch and two snack times sorted out, but you never know when some supposed good Samaritan is going to swing by your office with a bowl of bite-sized Snickers, tempting you when you still have two hours until your next official eating time.
If this is a problem, parse out your snacks. The trick is, you have to plan out the size of said snack in advance. So after breakfast, set aside X amount of whatever and graze on that—but when you're done, you're done. That's the key.
The exception to this is raw, green veggies. It's really, really hard to eat too much broccoli or celery, so if that's your snack, eat yourself sick.

5. Give in to the dark side. It's okay to be a little naughty sometimes. It keeps you sane, it makes a diet more palatable and, well, it tastes good. The key is moderation. First off, pick the amount of cheats you have in a week. For someone trying to lose weight, one or two is a good number. For those who have already reached their goals, more are okay.
When the pizza comes, if this is going to be one of your weekly cheats, get your piece, love it, lavish it, pray to it, build a monument around it, and eat it—but then you're done. That's it. That was your cheat. No more. No, not another "half piece" or "cut off little bite." Just be done. Same goes for the candy bowl. Eat your mini Almond Joy and then walk away. Birthday ? Eat a small piece of cake. If they give you too much, cut it in half and dump half on someone else's plate, or pass it on until a smaller piece comes your way.

6. Back against the wall. Sometimes, there's an eventlunch with a client or an office partywhere all those "goodies" are unavoidable. When this happens, much of the above advice applies. Eat beforehand, use it as a cheat, etc.
If it's at the office, make yourself a conservative plate, picking foods you know are at least sort of reasonable. A pasta salad is probably a better call than marshmallow salad, for example. Once you've finished your plate, throw it in the trash and be done. Get a glass of water in your hands so they aren't tempted to wander into the M&M's bowl and relax.
If it's an outing, a few simple rules help with any restaurant experience. Choose a lean meat/protein. Eat half of whatever they serve. Choose salad or fruit instead of fries. Order water instead of Coke. You should be all right.

7. It's a matter of public record. Put your "Before" and "After" photos on your desk. When temptation calls, have a look. Remember how far you've come. Reaffirm that long-term happiness outweighs a temporary sugar rush.
It was hard work getting this far, so follow these few simple tips and it won't be for naught. The only thing you're going to get pulled into is a size 2 (or 30-inch waist) pair of jeans, you sexy beast you.

here now 5 Tips for make better work and your life balance

1. Figure Out What Really Matters to You in Life
Personal coach Laura Berman Fortgang, author of NOW WHAT? 90 Days to a New Life Direction, says getting your priorities clear is the first and most essential step toward achieving a well-balanced life. The important point here is to figure out what you want your priorities to be, not what you think they should be.

"I use an exercise for figuring out what matters most," Fortgang tells WebMD. She has her clients take a couple days off from work to contemplate the following series of questions:

1. If my life could focus on one thing and one thing only, what would that be?
2. If I could add a second thing, what would that be?
3. A third?
4. A fourth?
5. A fifth?

If you answer thoughtfully and honestly, the result will be a list of your top five priorities. Fortgang says a typical top-five list might include some of the following:

Children
Spouse
Satisfying career
Community service
Religion/spirituality
Health
Sports
Art
Hobbies, such as gardening
Adventure/travel
Ismael Al-Ramahi, a graduate student at Baylor College of Medicine, says his current priorities are his wife, his 4-month-old son, and his research. He tells WebMD the key is not only knowing your priorities, but devoting your full attention to just one priority at a time. "Split your time and your mind so that you're thinking about work when you're at work and you're paying attention to the baby when you're with him."

2. Drop Unnecessary Activities
By making a concrete list of what really matters to you, you may discover you're devoting too much time to activities that aren't a priority, and you can adjust your schedule accordingly. Since having a baby, Al-Ramahi says he and his wife have become much more efficient in managing their time -- cutting back on television, for example.

If at all possible, Fortgang recommends dropping any commitments and pursuits that don't make your top-five list, because "unnecessary activities keep you away from the things that matter to you."

3. Protect Your Private Time
You would probably think twice before skipping out on work, a parent-teacher conference, or a doctor's appointment. Your private time deserves the same respect. "Carve out hours that contribute to yourself and your relationship," says Stevan Hobfoll, PhD, distinguished professor of psychology at Kent State University, and co-author of Work Won't Love You Back: The Dual Career Couple's Survival Guide. Guard this personal time fervently and don't let work or other distractions intrude. "Stop checking email and cell phones so often," Hobfoll advises. "Few people are so important that they need their phones on at all times."

If work consistently interferes with your personal time, Hobfoll recommends discussing some adjustments with your boss. "There's a mythology in the workplace that more hours means more," he tells WebMD. Demonstrate that you can deliver the same or better results in fewer hours. Your job performance "should never be judged in terms of hours of input," Hobfoll says. Protecting your private time often leads to "greater satisfaction in both work life and personal life, greater productivity, and more creativity."

4. Accept Help to Balance Your Life
Allow yourself to rely on your partner, family members, or friends -- anyone who can watch the kids or run an errand while you focus on other top priorities. "Try tag-teaming," Hobfoll suggests. "One spouse works out before dinner, one after dinner, while the other watches the kids."

To get more alone-time with your partner, accept babysitting offers from friends and family, or try arranging a regular trade-off with another couple. "'I'll watch your kids this Saturday if you watch mine next Saturday.' Tag-teaming is a great way to create extra free time," Hobfoll says.

5. Plan Fun and Relaxation
Fun and relaxation are an essential part of living a well-balanced life. That's why Brown makes time for weekly guitar lessons, a yoga class, a date night with his wife, and a guys' night out a couple times a month. In addition, he exercises on a trampoline in his backyard most days of the week. How does he squeeze in all this playtime while running his business and sharing the responsibilities of raising a daughter? "If you believe that the most important thing is to be happy in life (not when I'm a millionaire or when I retire but right now) then you can always make time."

Until you get into the habit of taking time for yourself, set aside space in your planner for relaxation and fun. Plan what you're going to do and make any necessary arrangements, such as childcare, to ensure you'll be able to keep your commitment. "Remember, you make time for what you want to make time for," Fortgang says. If something is important to you, don't brush it aside with a dismissive "I don't have time for that." You are in charge of your own schedule -- it's up to you to make time.

Start the planning your daily healthy eating plan, consider where you already. You might want to keep a food diary for one week, one day or more. Writing down everything you eat and drink then compare with what the food pyramid suggests you should be eat, This will offer a better idea of what you need to add to your diet -probably fruits, vegetables and whole grains- and what you could cut back on -for example: fat, meat, salt, -.

Here are some TIPS to get you eating better:

Swap soda with water, Water is calorie-free and makes you feel full, which is important if you're trying to lose weight. Water is also vital if you're exercising more than you used to. Don't think that just switching to diet soda is good enough; getting rid of all carbonated beverages is better for you.

Get whole grains at breakfast. Try oatmeal, toast on whole-grain bread, a whole-wheat English muffin, even leftover brown rice in an omelet. Starting your day with whole grains makes you feel full longer, and we all can use more fiber.

fruit for snacks. Most people don't get anywhere near the recommended number of servings of fruit daily. Get closer by packing whole fruit, natural applesauce or single servings of mixed fruit in light syrup for snacks throughout the day.

Eat more often. Conventional diet wisdom lately is that eating more often during the day prevents blood sugar spikes and makes you feel full, even if you're consuming fewer calories. Go for five or six eating sessions a day rather than the usual three.

Plan ahead. Take time on the weekend to plan your menu—breakfasts, lunches and dinners—and do as much of your shopping and prep work in advance as you can. Being prepared makes it easy to stick to your healthy diet plan.

Try more beans. Americans eat almost 200 pounds of meat, poultry and fish a year, way more than anyone else in the world. Cut your meat intake (and therefore your fat intake) by using beans instead of meat at least one meal a week. Beans are rich in fiber and can help lower cholesterol.

Look for ways to add veggies. It's easy to add vegetables to salads, pasta sauces and rice dishes in addition to just eating them as sides. Each meal, think about ways to add a vegetable, and if you can, do it.
Eating healthy becomes second nature after a while. Once you've lived with your healthy eating plan for a few weeks you won't even miss the unhealthy junk you were eating before.